Musicians Deserve a Better Music Modernization Act

Happy to be back, folks! Taylor Curry, one of the copy editors for this newsletter, made a website called “Here Before A Million,” where he selects some of the best music videos with under a million plays on YouTube. Taylor recently took up coding and this was a nice little project he put together, so do check it out if you’re interested! Otherwise, thank you, as always, for your continued readership and support of this project. Now let’s dive a bit deeper into the Music Modernization Act.

During the height of the Obama years, record industry bigwigs turned inward. Neil Portnow, former president of the Recording Academy, gave a speech to industry suits and government officials including Nancy Pelosi and Kevin McCarthy, both high-ranking House members from California, about the need for recorded music to unite around government reforms. The competing interests of major record labels, publishers, radio broadcasters, and the tech giants behind streaming platforms struggled for years to reach a consensus about how the industry should interface with the government. Even though coordinated music industry lobbying dates back to the early 2000s, it wasn’t until 2017 that an agreement was reached. The years of lobbying to former Tennessee senator Lamar Alexander, and many others, didn’t go to waste. This produced four potential pieces of legislation: The Allocation for Music Producers (AMP) Act; The Compensating Legacy Artists for their Songs, Service, and Important Contributions to Society (CLASSICS) Act; The Fair Play Fair Pay Act; and The Music Modernization Act. 

As a consequence of the Songwriter Equity Act’s failure to gain traction in Congress in the mid-2010s, there was a push to cast a wider legislative net and to bring along hesitant streaming platforms. Officially introduced in December 2017, the Music Modernization Act, a fairly wide-reaching piece of legislation, quickly gained steam to move through the House, Senate, and eventually end up on former President Trump’s desk. The bill that was signed included the AMP and CLASSICS Acts; the former aimed to help producers collect royalties from SoundExchange, while the latter required companies like SiriusXM to pay for pre-1972 sound recordings. The Fair Play Fair Pay Act would’ve required radio broadcasters to pay performers (Ariana Grande, not just her songwriters, would be paid when you hear her song on the radio). The National Association of Broadcasters stood staunchly opposed to the bill, and ultimately it remained sidelined, though this loophole continues to cost performers millions of dollars a year. Without that particular act, the Music Modernization Act swiftly was signed into law in October 2018 with bipartisan support. The cross-party endorsement of the legislation should’ve potentially raised more red flags about who exactly stood to benefit from this bit of private business and government cooperation. 

Earlier this year in The Baffler, Sam Backer walked through the complex set of negotiations and trade-offs between factions within and outside the record industry that led to the MMA. Here’s how he contextualizes the MMA’s core aims: 

Backer sees the MMA’s main purpose as solving one issue: streaming platforms—but Spotify in particular—have not done a great job collecting songwriter information. This oversight—or, to be more charitable, lack of prioritization—of publishing data didn’t go unnoticed. Wixen’s eye-popping $1.6 billion lawsuit, which was eventually settled, generated many headlines and represented a real threat to the industry according to Backer. These songwriter and publisher lawsuits not only posed a threat to those about to be caught up in litigation, but also loomed large over a recording industry that, at least in North America, made 80% of its annual revenue from streaming. This created a need to deal with mechanical rights to avoid facing endless lawsuits. 

Multiple proposals were presented and the U.S. Copyright Office selected a plan by the National Music Publishers Association (NMPA), the Nashville Songwriters Association International (NSAI), and the Songwriters of North America (SONA), which called for the creation of the Mechanical Licensing Collective (MLC). (Another proposal called the American Music Licensing Collective can be found here for those interested.) The non-profit organization exists to collect money from streaming platforms and song information to make sure unidentified money generated from mechanical royalties can reach its proper rights holder. The MLC initially raised $62 million from the major streaming platforms and according to a recent Billboard piece quoting MLC CEO Kris Ahrend, they currently staff around seventy-five people. 

After receiving streaming information and money, the MLC will then distribute that back out to the correct rights holders. However, in exchange for the creation of this new collection group, these technology firms were granted immunity. This eliminates the threat of Wixen-style lawsuits for this new, still fragile ecosystem. Another wrinkle in this agreement is that the MLC hired the Harry Fox Agency, which threatened to sink the entire MMA if the government tried to create its own database, even though Harry Fox’s troubles identifying songwriters for payments helped lead to this mess. Then we get to perhaps the most insidious part of the legislation: any money that the MLC cannot match within three years is paid back on a market-share basis, which favors large rights holders.

The scale of the unclaimed money in the black box came into focus earlier this year. The MLC announced they received over $424 million from Apple, Spotify, YouTube, and all the other major streaming platforms. The Trichordist blog repeatedly raised concerns about the MMA’s passage: 

The Music Modernization Act requires the MLC to spread awareness about this massive pot of money for songwriters to collect, but there are still some issues. Back in January, a small survey (120 participants) by the group Artists Rights Watch found that while 63% of respondents had heard of the MLC, barely a tenth of those people were able to successfully register with the MLC. Despite broad awareness of the MLC, there appeared to be some significant issues with registering music for eventual payment. 

This reported lack of success wasn’t unforeseeable. Many industry figures were rightfully worried from the project’s beginning. Right after the bill’s introduction, the Songwriters’ Guild of America and several others highlighted numerous issues with the potential legislation. The group’s concerns ranged from the disjointed nature of the proposal for average songwriters, to a critique that a market-share payout of unclaimed monies would benefit major publishers. The group also pointed out that the immunity from lawsuits leaves songwriters with little recourse should the system be abused by the backers. 

David C. Lowery, from the bands Camper Van Beethoven and Cracker, spoke to Backer for his Baffler piece and led an early lawsuit against Spotify that helped kick off this whole endeavor. Lowery recently took to Twitter to express his frustrations over not getting the correct publishing data for his works through the MLC via Harry Fox. Billboard just reported on the initial payouts of MLC monies, which amounted to $24 million going to rights holders with another $16 million being held by the MLC because it’s currently unmatched to either a publisher or royalty holder. The Trichordist blog persuasively argued that the MLC’s success should based on how much money is returned to its rightful owner, not simply that unclaimed royalties were found. Luckily the bill contains a provision requiring that the MLC receive an audit every five years, so we’ll see a more totalizing account of the bill’s effectiveness. Still, that so much effort and corporate resources could produce such large gaps in payment shows an industry that despite press cheerleading, can still proceed with a better path to address these underlining issues.

Earlier this month, Billboard reported that CTM, a mashup of a music publishing, artist management, and media production company, announced a partnership with the Outland Fund, founded by Les Ware, a Dallas-based lawyer and investor. Named CTM Outlander Music LP, the goal of the partnership is to purchase music rights, with a potential budget of a billion dollars to be spent in the next five years. The fund’s first purchase was the Swedish publisher TEN Music Group for an undisclosed amount. One interesting final note is that CTM co-founder and CEO, André de Raaff, helped launch the Dutch music publisher Imagem, which was additionally supported by the Dutch pension fund ABP. Raaff is no stranger to the music financialization space. 

The other bit of complex but amusing financial news surrounds Reservoir Holdings, which is planning to go public with a valuation just under $800 million via a special purpose acquisition company in merger with Roth CH Acquisition II. The two main sponsors of this particular fund are the investment firms Roth Capital and Craig-Hallum. I’ll again mention that Reservoir Holdings is currently led by Golnar Khosrowshahi, who comes from multiple generations of Iraian money, and I’ll also say the folks at Roth Capital must be stoked to work with a music publisher since they’re known for their lavish corporate parties that bring out artists and other celebrities. Good to know the number crunchers on this particular deal at least bought into the rockstar lifestyle. 

In other news, Sony invested another $200 million into Epic Games, creator of Fortnite. A new face in the music rights acquisition space, Influence Media Partners, funded by Michigan’s Municipal Employment Retirement System, announced this week its first catalog purchase from the songwriter Ali Tamposi. On Tuesday, Primary Wave announced it bought the catalog of songwriter Patrick Leonard, who notably wrote for Madonna and Leonard Cohen. 

Music Business Worldwide reported on uduX, an African streaming platform, which just launched PopRev, an investment product led by the Nigerian-based financial tech company PiggyVest. PopRev will allow fans to invest into their favorite artists. That uduX already scored agreements with all three major labels and recently partnered with the successful African telco MTN makes this highly financialized leap in the African market an interesting development.

The Chaos Bizarre: An Analysis of Bandcamp Sales, 9/1/2020 - 12/31/2020 - Components  

A comprehensive review of Bandcamp’s recent business success that ends with a great list of potential calls to action for the company. Absolutely give this a read if you’ve been interested in Bandcamp’s last year of building good will among certain sectors of the music world. 

The Music Industry’s Biggest Messaging Problem - Water and Music 

Cherie Hu drills into what exactly “independent” means within the contemporary record industry. As it turns out, very, very few firms are truly independent. If everyone is selling independence but isn’t, then what are they really selling? Great work by Cherie, so do check it out! 

How To Reopen Nightlife: Enough with the Boys’ Club, Make Room for Women - 48Hills / Clubs and Festivals Are Coming Back, But Where’s the Industry’s Fight Against Racism? - Dweller 

Two strong pieces highlighting issues with diversity throughout the electronic music industry, particularly in the live space, and ponder what, if anything, will change when concerts and festivals return.

Inside the Dirty Business of Hit Songwriting - Variety 

A deep dive into issues facing contemporary songwriters, specifically around major artists wrongfully claiming songwriting credit as a method of collecting additional cash for a record label. Good luck to the Pack, a collection of songwriters fighting against this practice, because as the article points out, picking sides in intra-record industry fight isn’t easy. 

Apple Music Reveals How Much It Pays When You Stream a Song - Wall Street Journal (Subscription) / Apple Music Says Per-Stream Royalty Rate Is Double What Spotify Pays - Billboard(Subscription) / Apple Strikes at Spotify with Streaming Royalties Claim - Music Ally 

My long running critique of the United Musicians and Allied Workers’ ‘Justice at Spotify’ campaign demanding the company pay one cent per stream is just that streaming payouts don’t operate on a stream level. This fact can make it more difficult to fully explain why streaming platforms pay so little for song streams. That lack of clarity can be seen in Apple’s attempt to engender positive PR by dunking on Spotify, who’ve been under an even more critical eye in response to UMAW’s campaign. Billboard correctly notes Apple can pay more per-stream because it doesn’t have a free tier like Spotify. As such, it’s payouts are not “watered down” by advertising-based listeners. With this in mind, the value of this proclamation is pretty thin and obscures things like the Copyright Royalty Board decisions for streaming payouts, which other firms, though not Apple, are still actively appealing. (Or more complex legislation like the MMA discussed above.) Yes, streaming platforms should pay artists more, but current obtuse methodologies for payment can sneak in more corporate doublespeak rather than directly address the issue. 

How Berlin’s Clubcommission’s Actions to Save the Nightlife are the Opposite of Relief - Jean Hugues Kabuiku 

An excellent critique of the current policy fights going on in Berlin nightlife, which mirrors many of the issues with the American “Save Our Stages” campaign. The demands, and the state’s solutions, seek to address the worries of small businesses and landlords (music venues), rather than the workers or the broader communities in which they sit. If the government is going to support certain arts sectors, those sectors should continue to look out for and speak up for those excluded, or traditionally disconnected, from such assistance.

Ampled 

Art and Labor 

Buy Music Club  

Interdependence 

Notes on the Crises  

Resonate  

Strikewave 

WBAI

The Penny Fractions newsletter arrives on Wednesday mornings (EST). You can support via Patreon or follow on Twitter. If curious, here is the newsletter’s budget sheet, publishing schedule, and research database. Artwork is produced by graphic designer Kurt Woerpel, and the newsletter is copy edited by Mariana Carvalho, with additional support from Taylor Curry. My current job is Program Manager at SoundCloud, so all thoughts here represent me, not my employer. Any comments or concerns can be sent to pennyfractions@gmail.com.